Impact evaluation is a structured way of finding out whether a programme or intervention has caused real change and how that change has happened. While the process isn’t strictly linear, most evaluations follow a sequence of steps that help ensure findings are credible and useful.
1. Planning and Scoping Evaluation
The first step is all about groundwork. Before collecting any data, evaluators define what needs to be evaluated and why. This includes:
- Clarifying the purpose of the evaluation
- Identifying key evaluation questions
- Documenting the programme’s logic and expected outcomes
- Determining the timeline and resources needed
Good planning ensures the evaluation stays focused on questions that matter to stakeholders.
2. Defining Indicators and Outcomes
Once the scope is clear, evaluators decide exactly what will be measured. This means:
- Defining measurable indicators for each outcome
- Clarifying short-term and long-term outcomes
- Making sure indicators align with programme goals
Clear indicators provide the foundation for meaningful data collection and analysis later on.
3. Data Collection and Analysis Process
With indicators in place, the evaluation team collects data using surveys, administrative records, interviews, or other methods. After gathering data, evaluators:
- Clean and organize data
- Apply analytical techniques to test hypotheses
- Use both quantitative and qualitative evidence to estimate impact
This stage often requires careful design to isolate the effect of the programme.
4. Monitoring Progress Over Time
Impact evaluation isn’t just a one-off snapshot. In many cases, evaluators monitor progress over time to capture how outcomes evolve and whether effects persist, strengthen, or fade. This longitudinal perspective enriches insights and supports stronger conclusions.
5. Reporting and Communicating Results
After analysis, results are written up in a report that presents findings clearly and accessibly. Good reporting goes beyond numbers—it explains context, assumptions, and limitations so that stakeholders can interpret evidence appropriately.
6. Using Evaluation Findings
The final and most important step is using the evidence. Evaluation findings help:
- Improve programme design
- Inform decisions about scaling or adapting interventions
- Communicate impact to donors, communities, and partners
By focusing on actionable insights, impact evaluation becomes a tool for learning and better decision-making, not just a formality.
List of recommended resources #
For a broad overview #
Impact Evaluation Process: Step-by-Step Guide
This article provides a broad overview of the impact evaluation process, beginning with the objectives of the impact assessment steps, identifying key indicators, designing an evaluation plan, and finally implementing the evaluation process.
The Mystery of the Vanishing Benefits : An Introduction to Impact Evaluation
This article by Martin Ravallion provides an introduction to the concepts, methods, and process of impact evaluation. The author uses storytelling technique to explain the application of the steps in the impact evaluation process.
For in-depth understanding #
A step-by-step guide to impact evaluation
This guide, published by the International Labour Organization for its program What Works in Youth Employment, provides a detailed understanding of the impact evaluation process. The guide outlines the steps to set up an evaluation team, develop an evaluation plan, as well as how to conduct the survey and analysis for an impact evaluation.
Impact Evaluation in Practice – Second Edition
This World Bank handbook offers a clear and user-friendly introduction to impact evaluation, particularly for policymakers and development practitioners. Drawing on practical, real-world examples, it provides step-by-step guidance on how to plan and carry out impact evaluations effectively. The handbook helps readers build a solid understanding of what impact evaluation is and how its findings can be applied to shape informed, evidence-based policies and programmes.
Case study #
Impact Evaluations in Agriculture: An Assessment of the Evidence
This report by the Independent Evaluation Group reviews the current landscape of the impact evaluation process in the agriculture sector, identifying key challenges faced by practitioners in determining what works most effectively. It also highlights priority areas for future research on agricultural interventions to expand and strengthen the application of impact evaluation methods.
Reconstructing Baseline Data for Impact Evaluation and Results Measurement
In this note, Michael Bamberger explores why baseline studies are frequently not carried out during the impact evaluation process, even when they are built into project designs and adequately funded. He also outlines practical strategies for reconstructing baseline information at later stages of the project or programme cycle.
