Modus operandi, a Latin phrase meaning “method of operating,” refers to the process of inferring the most likely explanation for an observed outcome by examining the mechanisms that produced it. In evaluation and research, this method helps determine whether a particular intervention or action caused a specific result, not just by looking at what happened, but by tracing how it happened.
How Modus Operandi Works: #
- The modus operandi approach involves retrospective reasoning. Instead of predicting outcomes from known causes, it starts with the outcome and works backward to identify plausible causes.
- Evaluators gather detailed evidence about the situation, including documents, interviews, observations, and contextual factors.
- They then ask: Does this evidence align with what we would expect to see if the intervention truly caused the outcome?
Applications of the Modus Operandi Approach: #
- It is used in qualitative evaluations, criminal investigations, root cause analyses, and case studies.
- It is especially helpful when experimental methods (like randomized controlled trials) are not feasible or ethical.
Strengths of the Modus Operandi Approach: #
- Helps uncover causal pathways and mechanisms of change.
- Useful in complex, real-world settings where variables are interdependent.
- Encourages context-sensitive explanations, grounded in what actually happened.
Limitations of the Modus Operandi Approach: #
- Relies heavily on interpretation and judgment.
- May be prone to confirmation bias if alternative explanations are not considered.
- Doesn’t offer statistical certainty; it is more about plausibility than proof.
In essence, modus operandi is about connecting the dots, offering a thoughtful way to understand how actions lead to outcomes, especially in complex or dynamic environments.
List of recommended resources #
For a broad overview #
This blog post gives a brief about the legal term ‘modus operandi’ particularly in the context of a business and how it impacts its operations.
Modus Operandi: Meaning and Understanding a Business’ M.O.
This article by Will Kenton for Investopedia gives an overview of modus operandi, what it means, and how it is utilised in business. Kenton also gives some examples of modus operandi for a better understanding.
For in-depth understanding #
This article by Patricia M. Schütte and Sylvia Bach aims to examine the modus operandi of crisis management exercises within German public administrations, particularly in light of the country’s recent experiences with unexpected crises such as the 2015/2016 refugee influx and the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Modus Operandi of Business Angels
This chapter by Annareetta Lumme, Colin Mason, and Markku Suomi in Informal Venture Capital aims to explore the modus operandi of business angels by examining investment syndication, the pros and cons of co-investing, and prior relationships with investee firms—areas often neglected in informal venture capital studies.
Case study #
Proposals for WTO Reform : A Synthesis and Assessment
This paper by Bernard Hoekman outlines key discussions and suggestions aimed at reforming the modus operandi of the World Trade Organization, with particular attention to its decision-making processes, negotiation frameworks, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
This paper seeks to introduce a new modus operandi for attaining sustainable business excellence in the face of a dynamic and uncertain environment. Building on insights from existing literature, it puts forward a conceptual framework that explores the interconnections among intellectual capital, leadership, service quality, supply chain dynamics, hotel performance, and strategic direction.
